Oxygen enters the water as a product of photosynthesis, from the atmosphere, or from water and wave movement. The level of oxygen in water is essential for fish and marine organisms, which remove it via respiration.
Changes in dissolved oxygen due to photosynthesis and respiration can be used to measure net production. There is a vertical oxygen gradient in the water column, where the surface layer of the ocean contains the most oxygen, followed by an oxygen minimum layer. Below the oxygen minimum layer, there is cold, oxygen rich water. The solubility of oxygen is negatively correlated with water temperature and salinity.